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Many other Scientologist-run services and companies come from the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses making use of Hubbard's management teachings, and distributes directories of WISE-affiliated businesses. WISE needs those who wish to become Hubbard management speaks with to finish training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which provides an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
This area requires expansion. You can help by contributing to it. In order to help with the continued expansion of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the type of effective or respected people. Scientology. Though it has actually attained some credibility as a religious beliefs in numerous countries, Scientology has actually likewise been described as both a cult and a company.
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For example, it has been noted to participate in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by recognizing as Fair Video game individuals it perceives as its enemies. In 1979, several Scientology members were convicted for their participation in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of federal government files in U.S.
Scientologists were likewise convicted of fraud, manslaughter and damaging witnesses in French cases, harmful libel against lawyer Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Religious beliefs in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be viewed as "threatening to established social institutions".
From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS ACTUALLY), developed in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was included in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the Internal Revenue Service stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, stating Scientology's activities were industrial and run for the benefit of Hubbard. Debate followed the church on those years, but its development continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 nations by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost consistently for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had actually initially demandedand the IRS acknowledged the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as evidence the United States federal government accepts it as a faith. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to examine, as identified in an internet survey run by the governmental shift team obtaining public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard designated Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of particular elements of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 and the Workplace of The Guardian was developed with its head workplace located at Saint Hill Manor - Church of Scientology Perth. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later on relabelled the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later organized and devoted one of the largest penetration of United States federal agencies ever committed by a company not connected with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The criminal activity dedicated by these defendants is of a breadth and top article scope formerly unheard of. No structure, office, desk, or file was safe from their snooping and spying. No person or organization was devoid of their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past utilized aggressive tactics in read here dealing with those it sees as attempting to reduce them, called Suppressive Persons (SPs) initially detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having authored, a 1970 expos book about the Church and its founder.
Utilizing blank paper understood to have actually been managed by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb risks in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which could have sent out Cooper to prison for a lengthy term. The Church's strategy was discovered at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.